COMMENT ⊗   VALID 00006 PAGES
C REC  PAGE   DESCRIPTION
C00001 00001
C00002 00002	\input kermac % This is the "TEXTEXT Beginner's Manual" source text
C00005 00003	\ctrline{\biggfnt \biggTEX\biggTEX T}
C00068 00004	This manual's use of fonts
C00075 00005	\appsectionbegin{Appendix F}
C00086 00006	\def\¬{\char'16 }
C00101 ENDMK
C⊗;
\input kermac % This is the "TEXTEXT Beginner's Manual" source text
\input matmac
\input papmac
    \def\TEX{\hbox{\:aT\hskip-.1667em\lower.424ex\hbox{E}\hskip-.125em X}}
    \def\smallTEX{\hbox{\:bT\hskip-.1667em\lower.424ex\hbox{E}\hskip-.125em X}}
    \def\bigTEX{\hbox{\bigfnt T\hskip-.1667em\lower.424ex\hbox{E}\hskip-.125em X}}
    \def\biggTEX{\hbox{\biggfnt T\hskip-.1667em\lower.424ex\hbox{E}\hskip-.125em X}}
    \def\Section{}  % Remove the section symbol
\secsubsecstyle
\titlepage
\tenpoint
\null\vskip-46pt
\hbox to size{\bigfnt Stanford Department of Computer Science\hfill April 1982}
\vskip .1in
\hbox to size{\bigfnt Report No. STAN-CS-82-***\hfill(initial draft)}
\vfill
\ctrline{\biggfnt \biggTEX\biggTEX T}
\vskip .1in
\ctrline{\biggfnt A Beginner's \biggTEX\ Manual}
\vskip .25in
\ctrline{by}
\ctrline{Arthur L. Samuel}
\vfill
{\baselineskip 7pt
\:b This manual is based on the publications of Donald E. Knuth who
introduced the \smallTEX\ system and on the work of his many students and
collaborators who have helped bring the \smallTEX\ system to its present
advanced state of development. The \smallTEX\ logo that is used throughout
this manual is covered by a copywrite owned by The American Mathematical
Society.\lbrk}
\eject\titlepage
\eject
\setcount0 0
\ctrline{\biggfnt \biggTEX\biggTEX T}
\vskip .1in
\ctrline{\biggfnt A Beginner's \biggTEX\ Manual}

\appsectionbegin{Introduction}

This is an introductory ready-reference \TEX\ manual for the beginner and
for the experienced \TEX\ user.  Only the most basic features of the \TEX\
system are discussed in detail.  Other features are summarized in
appendices and references are given to the more complete documentation
available elsewhere.

\ \TEX\ is a computerized typesetting system.  As \TEX\ is normally used,
the original text is typed (into an input file) very much as it would be typed
for submission to an old-fashion printer except that this input file must
now include all of the instructions that are needed to express the
writer's desires as to the exact format of the printed output.  Given such
an input file, the \TEX\ compiler is able to generate an output file that
specifies in precise detail the final disposition of the text into lines
and pages, and the font and location for each character specified by the
original text.  Your final printed output can rival the work of the very
best book publishers.

Defining book quality text is not an easy task, but it can be very
rewarding to get a final document that conforms exactly to your own
individual ideas.  While the initial work is greater via the \TEX\ route,
the ease with which changes can be made to the computer file more than
makes up for the extra initial effort.  \TEX\ will, of course, take care
of many of the tedious details, but the wealth of facilities that \Tex\
provides can be very confusing to the beginner and sometimes even to the
experienced user.  These facilities include the handling of such matters
as:  ligature replacements, kerning, automatic hyphenation, line
justification, centering, flushing right or left, tabular aligning, the
formatting of complicated mathematical expressions, section and page
numbering, the introduction of running heads, the numbering and placing of
footnotes, and the preparation of a table of contents and an index, to
name but a few.

It will be assumed that the reader is already acquainted with the use of a
computer and with at least one text editor that can be used while typing
the \TEX\ source file.  The details as to how one actually types this
source information, how it is saved, how one evokes the \TEX\ compiler,
and finally how one instructs the computer system to print the final
document are, of course, highly system dependent.  Typical protocols for
some of the more common operating systems are listed in Appendix S.

\sectionbegin{How \TEX\ is used}

The usual practice is to supply \TEX\ with a source files that contain the
desired text, properly annotated to convey the necessary instructions as
to how this text is to be processed.  This source file usually begins by
referencing one or more additional files that specify the fonts that are to
be used and that
contain the definitions of
some speciallized, frequently-used, constructs ({\sl control sequences}
and {\sl macros}) that are used to simplify the typing of the desired
instructions.  Once defined, these constructs can then be called by name
as needed in the text file itself.

The \TEX\ program produces a DVI (\undertext{d}e\undertext{v}ice
\undertext{i}ndependent) file, that specifies the exact location on the
page and the font for each character.  Details as to the format of the DVI
file itself are summarized in Appendix D.  The DVI file may require some
further translation before it is acceptable as input to the available
printer but on most systems this further action is usually automatic,
requiring, at most, a carriage return confirmation.

It should be noted that \TEX\ does not need to know the raster-dot details
of each character but it does need to know the overall size and the details
as to how the individual
characters may interact with adjacent characters (resulting in ligature
replacements or in kerning). This information is usually contained in what
are known as .TFM files.  The Printer, on the other hand does need to have
access to the detailed information as to the exact configeration of each
character that is to be printed and this information is usually contained
in what are known as .PXL files. The two sets of files must agree as to the
fonts that they describe or chaos will result.

\sectionbegin{Issuing Commands to \TEX}

Commands to \TEX, as distinguished from the text itself, begin with a
special (printable) escape character, which, in this manual will be
assumed to be the backslash character (\\).  This is followed by the name
of the command (without an intervening space) and then, in some cases, by
parameters that are associated with the command.  The command names can be
of two types, either 1) a single non-alphabetic character that may, but
need not be followed by a space, or 2) one or more alphabetic characters
that must be terminated by a space if the name is followed by other
alphabetic characters.  The \TEX\ commands themselves are known as {\sl
control sequences} or {\sl macros}.  (Note:  The escape character used by
\TEX\ is not to be confused with the ESC key that appears on many terminal
keyboards which is interpreted to mean something else by the computer's
operating system, and is never seen by \TEX.)

\ \TEX\ understands over 300 control sequences as a part of its standard
built-in vocabulary (listed in Appendix C).  In addition, there exist a
number of special collections of macros that \TEX\ experts have found
useful for special purposes such, for example, as writing business
letters, preparing internal memoranda, and preparing manuscripts for
publication.  The novice is well advised to use one of these packages.  In
fact, the very first line appearing in your source file will usually begin
with the control sequence \ \\input \ followed by the name of the file
that contains the desired macro package.  If you have \ \ \\input basic \
\ on this line then the basic.tex file will be used.

Nine printable characters are asigned special meanings by \TEX.
The characters
most often used, and the ones assumed in this manual, are:
\ \\, \ \$, \ $\{$, \ $\}$, \ \%, \ $\otimes$, \ $\#$, \ $\up$, and \ $\down$,
although on many machines the alignment tab ($\otimes$) is replaced by the
ampersand (&) and the subscript sign ($\down$) is replaced by the underline
(\undertext \ \undertext \ ).  To type these as text characters (as contrasted
with their special \TEX\ usage), one types the
following control sequences:
\ \\\\ \  \ \\\$ \  \ \$\\ $\{$\$ \  \ \$\\$\}$\$ \  \ \\\% \ 
\ \$\\otimes\$ \  \ \$\\$\#$\$ \  \ \$\\up\$ \  \ \$\\down\$ \  .
The uses made of these characters will be explained as they arise, 
but for the present their meanings can be defined as follows:

$$\vbox{\halign{\ctr{#}\quad⊗#\qquad\hfill⊗\ctr{#}\quad⊗#\qquad\hfill
               ⊗\ctr{#}\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
Char.⊗Meaning⊗Char.⊗Meaning⊗Char.⊗Meaning\cr
\noalign{\vskip 3pt}
\\⊗Escape char.⊗$\}$⊗End group⊗$\#$⊗Parameter\cr
\$⊗Begin or end math⊗\%⊗Line end⊗$\up$⊗Superscript\cr
$\{$⊗Begin group⊗$\otimes$⊗Alignment tab⊗$\down$⊗Subscript\cr}}$$

\par\vfill\eject

\sectionbegin{Changing Type Fonts}

One very important usage of control sequences is that
of specifying the type faces to be used in different portions of
the text. Type faces are grouped into fonts of 128
characters each, and, as noted earlier, there are computer files available
to \TEX\ that contain all of the essential information that \TEX\ needs to
know concerning the characters that make up these fonts.

The control sequence \\font is normally used to assign single character
names to the the fonts that one intends to use, thus \\font a$=$cmr10
assigns the name ``a'' to computer roman 10 point.  An equivalent statement
is \\:a$=$cmr10. Having so defined \\:a , when one wants to use the
cmr10 font one types \\:a .  One big caution: once a font is defined, it
cannot be redefined.  If you should make the mistake of typing
\\:a$=$cmr10 a second time then $=$cmr10 would simply appear as text in 
your finished document in font a.  Actually, all of this is usually 
relegated to macro packages.

Macro
packages are normally made available to \TEX\ by means of one or more
control sequences that are typed on the first few lines of one's source
file.  As an example, the first line of the source file for this manual
contain the control sequence \ \\input\ \ followed by the name
{\tt kermac.tex}.
This macro package assigns convenient {\sl control sequence} names to some
42 sets of fonts that can be called as needed or that can be preloaded
with \TEX. 
The names assigned to these fonts are listed in Appendix F. 
On SU-AI one gets the preloaded \TEX\ for use with this macro package by typing  
{\tt R MAXTEX}.

Fonts are usually grouped into families \\tenpoint (that you are now
reading), \\ninepoint {\ninepoint (smaller)}, and \\eightpoint
{\eightpoint (still smaller)}, with suitable \\baselineskip assignments
made to adjust the spacing between lines to suitable values.  Of course,
if you do not like the spacing between lines that your macro package
asigns, you can always change it by a \\baselineskip command (the macro
package used for this text specifies
\\baselineskip 12pt for the tenpoint family).

Each family contains several kinds of type, specified by simple control
sequences, \ \\rm ({\rm for roman}), \ \\it ({\it
for italics\/}), \ \\sl ({\sl for slanted\/}), \ \\bf ({\bf for bold-face}),
 \ \\tt ({\tt for typewriter}), \ \\caps ({\caps for Caps and Small Caps}),
 and \ \\sy ({\sy  for Symbols}) {\tinyfnt (that says ``for Symbols'' in sy)}.
\ Having made a family
selection one need only type \ \\it \ {\it to change to italics}.
\ Actually, there is a bit more to it than that, since I did not want the
font change to persist, so I used the grouping characters $\{$, and $\}$
and I typed $\{$\\it to change to italics$\}$.

\par\vfill\eject

\sectionbegin{Some \TEX\ Conventions}

Following typesetting conventions,
linear dimentions may be expressed in any one of the following units with the
unit designated by its two-letter abbreviation as shown below:
$$\vbox{\halign{\ctr{#}\quad⊗#\quad⊗#\qquad\qquad\hfill
               ⊗\ctr{#}\quad⊗#\quad⊗#\cr
Abbr.⊗Name⊗Per inch⊗Abbr.⊗Name⊗Per inch\cr
pt⊗point⊗72.46⊗mm⊗millimeter⊗25.4\cr
pc⊗pica⊗6.036⊗dd⊗Didot point⊗67.56\cr
in⊗inch⊗1⊗bp⊗big point⊗72\cr
cm⊗centimeter⊗2.54⊗mi⊗mica⊗2540\cr}}$$
Typical dimensions might then be written as 13pc, or 13 pc, or -0.0138in.
When used with a control sequence, one might write
\\hsize6.5in or \\hsize 6.5 in, as meets your fancy.  Units of
measure may sometimes be increased by a specified factor, for example,
\\multiply$\{$1100$\}$ multiplies all following dimensions by
1.1.  If this control sequence is used you may want to specify\ \ \\hsize
6.5 truein\ \ if the horizontal page size is not to be affected.

Under certain conditions, it is nice to be able to express dimensions in
relative terms as related to the point size of the type being currently
used.  Two such units are frequently used, the em being the nominal width
of the letter M and the ex being the height of the letter X.  An
em-dimentioned space is obtained by the control sequence \\quad.  Still
other sized spaces are available in the math-mode, as will be explained later.

\sectionbegin{Input States and Processing Modes} 

To understand \TEX, we must recognize that it is normally doing one of
two quite different things, either 1) it is reading new information from
the input file while it may be holding some partially processed
information that it had previously read, or 2) it is processing
information (partially digesting it) while there may still be more input
information yet to be read. We characterize the condition of the reading
action by speaking of the input {\sl state} and the condition of the
processing by speaking of the processing {\sl mode}.  We will have a lot
to say about {\sl modes} later but it may be well to dispose of this
matter of input {\sl states} once for all.

Two of the three possible input {\sl states} are fairly obvious, these
being state {\sl N}, when \TEX\ is prepared to read a
{/sl New line} of input information, and state {\sl M}, when it is
prepared to read another character in the {\sl Middle} of an input line of
information.  There is, however, a third state that takes precedence over
these two other states, namely, state {\sl S} for {\sl skipping spaces} in
which \TEX\ will simply skip a space character if it should then read one
and remain in the {\sl S} state.  It is the existance of this third state
that accounts for the seemingly cavalier treatment that \TEX\ gives to the
extra spaces that you may leave between words or between a control
sequence name and the following text.  There are two situations in which
the input state is of no consequence.

If the next character encountered should happen to be the escape character
(\\) then, regardless of the existing input state, \TEX\ will procede to
scan the entire control sequence or macro that follows, leaving the input
in state {\sl S}, and procede to do whatever internal processing may
be appropiate.

Similarly, if the next character is a normal alphanumeric text character
or normal punctuation (but neither a space nor a carriage return), or
any of the following special characters, 
\ \$, \ $\{$, \ $\}$, \ $\otimes$, \ $\#$, \ $\up$, or \ $\down$, \ then
\TEX\ passes this character on for internal processing (digests it),
leaving the input in state {\sl M}.

Finally, if the next character is either a space, the character \%, or a
carriage return, then the action taken will depend upon the existing input
state. This action will be 1) either to ignore the character, to pass on a
space, or to pass on the \\par control sequence (which is the signal to
finish off the existing paragraph) and then 2) to leave the input in a
specified state as noted in the following table:

\par\vfill\eject

$$\vbox{\halign{\ctr{#}\qquad\qquad\hfill⊗#\qquad\hfill⊗#\qquad\hfill⊗#\hfill\cr
Initial⊗Reading\cr
state⊗space   ⊗end of line ⊗\%\cr
\noalign{\vskip 3pt}
N⊗ignore      ⊗digest \\par⊗ignore to end of line\cr
 ⊗stay in L   ⊗stay in N   ⊗digest \\par, stay in N\cr
\noalign{\rskip 3pt}
M⊗digest space⊗digest space⊗ignore to end of line\cr
 ⊗go to S     ⊗go to N     ⊗go to N\cr
\noalign{\vskip 3pt}
S⊗ignore      ⊗ignore      ⊗ignore to end of line\cr
 ⊗stay in S   ⊗stay in S   ⊗go to N\cr}}$$

\def\¬{\char'16 }

\ \TEX\ standard roman fonts.\lbrk
These same codes are used for \\sl fonts as well as for \\rm fonts.
Codes \¬000 through \¬041  are accessed by control sequences as
defined later in this appendix, Codes \¬043 and \¬044 are undefined.
Codes \¬042, \¬134, \¬136, \¬137, and \¬173 through \¬177 are
accessed indirectly via ligature information stored within
the font itself.

\moveright26pt\vbox{
\def\\{\char'}
\hbox{\hbox to 25pt{\hfill0\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill1\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill2\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill3\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill4\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill5\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill6\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill7\hfill}}
\vskip 4pt
\hrule
\def\|{\vrule height 10.5pt depth 4.5pt}
\halign{\hbox to 0pt{\hskip -24pt\¬#0\hfill}⊗\|
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill#\hfill\|}\cr
00⊗\\000⊗\\001⊗\\002⊗\\003⊗\\004⊗\\005⊗\\006⊗\\007\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
01⊗\\010⊗\\011⊗\\012⊗\\013⊗\\014⊗\\015⊗\\016⊗\\017\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
02⊗\\020⊗\\021⊗\\022⊗\\023⊗\\024⊗\\025⊗\\026⊗\\027\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
03⊗\\030⊗\\031⊗\\032⊗\\033⊗\\034⊗\\035⊗\\036⊗\\037\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
04⊗\\040⊗\\041⊗\\042⊗     ⊗     ⊗\\045⊗\\046⊗\\047\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
05⊗\\050⊗\\051⊗\\052⊗\\053⊗\\054⊗\\055⊗\\056⊗\\057\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
06⊗\\060⊗\\061⊗\\062⊗\\063⊗\\064⊗\\065⊗\\066⊗\\067\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
07⊗\\070⊗\\071⊗\\072⊗\\073⊗\\074⊗\\075⊗\\076⊗\\077\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
10⊗\\100⊗\\101⊗\\102⊗\\103⊗\\104⊗\\105⊗\\106⊗\\107\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
11⊗\\110⊗\\111⊗\\112⊗\\113⊗\\114⊗\\115⊗\\116⊗\\117\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
12⊗\\120⊗\\121⊗\\122⊗\\123⊗\\124⊗\\125⊗\\126⊗\\127\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
13⊗\\130⊗\\131⊗\\132⊗\\133⊗\\134⊗\\135⊗\\136⊗\\137\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
14⊗\\140⊗\\141⊗\\142⊗\\143⊗\\144⊗\\145⊗\\146⊗\\147\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
15⊗\\150⊗\\151⊗\\152⊗\\153⊗\\154⊗\\155⊗\\156⊗\\157\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
16⊗\\160⊗\\161⊗\\162⊗\\163⊗\\164⊗\\165⊗\\166⊗\\167\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
17⊗\\170⊗\\171⊗\\172⊗\\173⊗\\174⊗\\175⊗\\176⊗\\177\cr}
\hrule}

\par\vfill
\eject

\ \TEX\ Typewriter (\\tt) fonts. \lbrk

{\def\\{\char'}
All of the ascii printing characters appear in this fixed-width font
although the character $\}$ is at its SUAI code position rather than at
its ascii position.  All SUAI characters that appear (some
are missing) are in their SUAI positions except for {\tt\\024},
{\tt\\025}, {\tt\\032}, {\tt\\033}, and {\tt\\175},
Codes \¬000 through \¬024 contain equivalent characters to those at the
same locations in the rm fonts.  Code \¬040 prints as \ {\tt\\040} \ to
stand for a blank space when this representation is needed.}

\moveright26pt\vbox{
\def\\{\char'}
\hbox{\hbox to 25pt{\hfill0\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill1\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill2\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill3\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill4\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill5\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill6\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill7\hfill}}
\vskip 4pt
\hrule
\def\|{\vrule height 10.5pt depth 4.5pt}
{\halign{\hbox to 0pt{\hskip -24pt\¬#0\hfill}⊗\|
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}⊗\!
Thbox to 25pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfiLl\tt#\hfiLl\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\tt#\hfill\|}\cr
00⊗\\000⊗\\001⊗\\002⊗\\003⊗\\004⊗\\005⊗\\006⊗\\007\cr
Tnoalign{\hrule}
01⊗L\010⊗\\011⊗\\012⊗\\013⊗\\014⊗\\015⊗\\016⊗\\017\cr
\noalign{\hrulE}
02⊗\\020⊗\\021⊗L\022⊗\\023⊗\\024⊗\\025⊗\\026⊗\\027\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
03⊗\\030⊗\\031⊗\\032⊗\\033⊗\\034⊗\\035⊗\\036⊗\\037\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
04⊗\\040⊗\\041⊗\\042⊗\\043⊗\\044⊗\\045⊗\\046⊗\\047\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
05⊗\\050⊗\\051⊗\\052⊗\\053⊗\\054⊗\\055⊗\\056⊗\\057\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
06⊗\\060⊗\\061⊗\\062⊗\\063⊗\\064⊗\\065⊗\\066⊗\\067\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
07⊗\\070⊗\\071⊗\\072⊗\\073⊗\\074⊗\\075⊗\\076⊗\\077\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
10⊗\\100⊗\\101⊗\\102⊗\\103⊗\\104⊗\\105⊗\\106⊗\\107\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
11⊗\\110⊗\\111⊗\\112⊗\\113⊗\\114⊗\\115⊗\\116⊗\\117\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
12⊗\\120⊗\\121⊗\\122⊗\\123⊗\\124⊗\\125⊗\\126⊗\\127\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
13⊗\\130⊗\\131⊗\\132⊗\\133⊗\\134⊗\\135⊗\\136⊗\\137\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
14⊗\\140⊗\\141⊗\\142⊗\\143⊗\\144⊗\\145⊗\\146⊗\\147\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
15⊗\\150⊗\\151⊗\\152⊗\\153⊗\\154⊗\\155⊗\\156⊗\\157\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
16⊗\\160⊗\\161⊗\\162⊗\\163⊗\\164⊗\\165⊗\\166⊗\\167\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
17⊗\\170⊗\\171⊗\\172⊗\\173⊗\\174⊗\\175⊗\\176⊗\\177\cr
\noalign{\hrule}}}}

\par\vfill\eject

\noindent{\bf 5. \TEX\ standard math italic fonts.}\xskip The following table
of 128 codes shows the form \TEX\ expects the italic ({\tt it}) fonts to have
in math mode, if you use the control sequences for lower case Greek letters,
upper case italic Greek letters, and a few other special symbols listed later
in this appendix. Note that there is agreement with ascii code
on all of its printing characters, except for the \%\ sign and the
ten symbols that are missing in \TEX\ roman fonts (see the
previous pages).

\vfill
\moveright26pt\vbox{
\def\\{\char'}
\hbox{\hbox to 25pt{\hfill0\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill1\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill2\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill3\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill4\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill5\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill6\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill7\hfill}}
\vskip 4pt
\hrule
\def\|{\vrule height 10.5pt depth 4.5pt}
\halign{\hbox to 0pt{\hskip -24pt\¬#0\hfill}⊗\|
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:g#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:g#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:g#\hfiLl\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:g#\hfill\|}⊗\!
Thbox to 25pt{\hfilh\:g#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:g#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:g#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfiLl\:g#\hfill\|}\cr
00⊗\\000⊗\\001⊗\\002⊗\\003⊗\\004⊗\\005⊗\\006⊗\\007\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
01⊗\\010⊗\\011⊗\\012⊗\\013⊗\\014⊗\\015⊗\\016⊗\\017\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
02⊗\\020⊗\\021⊗\\022⊗\\023⊗\\024⊗\\025⊗\\026⊗\\027\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
03⊗\\030⊗\\031⊗\\032⊗\\033⊗\\034⊗\\035⊗\\036⊗\\037\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
04⊗\\040⊗\\041⊗\\042⊗\\043⊗\\044⊗\\045⊗\\046⊗\\047\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
05⊗\\050⊗\\051⊗\\052⊗\\053⊗\\054⊗\\055⊗\\056⊗\\057\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
06⊗\\060⊗\\061⊗\\062⊗\\063⊗\\064⊗\\065⊗\\066⊗\\067\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
07⊗\\070⊗\\071⊗\\072⊗\\073⊗\\074⊗\\075⊗\\076⊗\\077\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
10⊗\\100⊗\\101⊗\\102⊗\\103⊗\\104⊗\\105⊗\\106⊗\\107\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
11⊗\\110⊗\\111⊗\\112⊗\\113⊗\\114⊗\\115⊗\\116⊗\\117\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
12⊗\\120⊗\\121⊗\\122⊗\\123⊗\\124⊗\\125⊗\\126⊗\\127\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
13⊗\\130⊗\\131⊗\\132⊗\\133⊗     ⊗\\135⊗     ⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
14⊗\\140⊗\\141⊗\\142⊗\\143⊗\\144⊗\\145⊗\\146⊗\\147\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
15⊗\\150⊗\\151⊗\\152⊗\\153⊗\\154⊗\\155⊗\\156⊗\\157\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
16⊗\\160⊗\\161⊗\\162⊗\\163⊗\\164⊗\\165⊗\\166⊗\\167\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
17⊗\\170⊗\\171⊗\\172⊗\\173⊗\\174⊗\\175⊗\\176⊗\\177\cr}
\hrule}
\eject
\noindent{\bf 6. \TEX\ standard math symbol fonts.}\xskip The following
table of 128 codes shows the form \TEX\ expects the symbol ({\tt sy}) fonts
to have in math mode, if you use the control sequences for various special
symbols listed later in this appendix, or if you use special keys on your
terminal in math mode as explained below in subsection 8. Several positions
are undefined; they can be filled with any special characters
that might be needed in a particular job. The character in position
\¬100, which is used to negate a relation, has zero width.

\moveright26pt\vbox{
\def\\{\char'}
\hbox{\hbox to 25pt{\hfill0\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill1\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill2\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill3\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill4\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill5\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill6\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill7\hfill}}
\vskip 4pt
\hrule
\def\|{\vrule height 10.5pt depth 4.5pt}
\halign{\hbox to 0pt{\hskip -24pt\¬#0\hfill}⊗\|
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}\cr
00⊗\\000⊗\\001⊗\\002⊗\\003⊗\\004⊗\\005⊗\\006⊗\\007\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
01⊗\\010⊗\\011⊗\\012⊗\\013⊗\\014⊗\\015⊗\\016⊗\\017\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
02⊗\\020⊗\\021⊗\\022⊗\\023⊗\\024⊗\\025⊗\\026⊗\\027\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
03⊗\\030⊗\\031⊗\\032⊗\\033⊗\\034⊗\\035⊗\\036⊗\\037\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
04⊗\\040⊗\\041⊗\\042⊗\\043⊗\\044⊗\\045⊗\\046⊗\\047\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
05⊗\\050⊗\\051⊗\\052⊗\\053⊗\\054⊗\\055⊗\\056⊗\\057\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
06⊗\\060⊗\\061⊗\\062⊗\\063⊗\\064⊗\\065⊗\\066⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
07⊗\\070⊗\\071⊗\\072⊗\\073⊗\\074⊗\\075⊗\\076⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
10⊗\\100⊗\\101⊗\\102⊗\\103⊗\\104⊗\\105⊗\\106⊗\\107\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
11⊗\\110⊗\\111⊗\\112⊗\\113⊗\\114⊗\\115⊗\\116⊗\\117\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
12⊗\\120⊗\\121⊗\\122⊗\\123⊗\\124⊗\\125⊗\\126⊗\\127\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
13⊗\\130⊗\\131⊗\\132⊗\\133⊗\\134⊗\\135⊗\\136⊗\\137\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
14⊗\\140⊗\\141⊗\\142⊗\\143⊗\\144⊗\\145⊗\\146⊗\\147\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
15⊗\\150⊗\\151⊗\\152⊗\\153⊗\\154⊗\\155⊗     ⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
16⊗\\160⊗\\161⊗\\162⊗\\163⊗\\164⊗\\165⊗\\166⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
17⊗\\170⊗\\171⊗\\172⊗\\173⊗\\174⊗\\175⊗\\176⊗\\177\cr}
\hrule}

\vfill
\moveright26pt\vbox{
\def\\{\char'}
\hbox{\hbox to 25pt{\hfill0\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill1\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill2\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill3\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill4\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill5\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill6\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill7\hfill}}
\vskip 4pt
\hrule
\def\|{\vrule height 10.5pt depth 4.5pt}
\halign{\hbox to 0pt{\hskip -24pt\¬#0\hfill}⊗\|
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}\cr
00⊗\\000⊗\\001⊗\\002⊗\\003⊗\\004⊗\\005⊗\\006⊗\\007\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
01⊗\\010⊗\\011⊗\\012⊗\\013⊗\\014⊗\\015⊗\\016⊗\\017\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
02⊗\\020⊗\\021⊗\\022⊗\\023⊗\\024⊗\\025⊗\\026⊗\\027\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
03⊗\\030⊗\\031⊗\\032⊗\\033⊗\\034⊗\\035⊗\\036⊗\\037\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
04⊗\\025⊗\\041⊗\\042⊗\\043⊗\\044⊗\\045⊗\\046⊗\\047\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
05⊗\\050⊗\\051⊗\\052⊗\\053⊗\\054⊗\\055⊗\\056⊗\\057\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
06⊗\\060⊗\\061⊗\\062⊗\\063⊗\\064⊗\\065⊗\\066⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
07⊗\\070⊗\\071⊗\\072⊗\\073⊗\\074⊗\\075⊗\\076⊗\    \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
10⊗\\100⊗\\101⊗\\102⊗\\103⊗\\104⊗\\105⊗\\106⊗\\107\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
11⊗\\110⊗\\111⊗\\112⊗\\113⊗\\114⊗\\115⊗\\116⊗\\117\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
12⊗\\120⊗\\121⊗\\122⊗\\123⊗\\124⊗\\125⊗\\126⊗\\127\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
13⊗\\130⊗\\131⊗\\132⊗\\133⊗\\134⊗\\135⊗\\136⊗\\137\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
14⊗\\125⊗\\141⊗\\142⊗\\143⊗\\144⊗\\145⊗\\146⊗\\147\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
15⊗\\150⊗\\151⊗\\152⊗\\153⊗\\154⊗\\155⊗     ⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
16⊗\\160⊗\\161⊗\\162⊗\\163⊗\\164⊗\\165⊗\\166⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
17⊗\\170⊗\\171⊗\\172⊗\\173⊗\\174⊗\\175⊗\\176⊗\\177\cr}
\hrule}
\eject

\par\vfill\end

\noindent{\bf 7. \TEX\ standard math extension fonts.}\xskip The table of
128 codes on the next page
shows the form \TEX\ expects the extension ({\tt ex}) font to
have in math mode, if you use variable delimiters or the control
sequences for large operators listed later in this appendix.

\noindent{\bf 6. \TEX\ standard math symbol fonts.}\xskip The following
table of 128 codes shows the form \TEX\ expects the symbol ({\tt sy}) fonts
to have in math mode, if you use the control sequences for various special
symbols listed later in this appendix, or if you use special keys on your
terminal in math mode as explained below in subsection 8. Several positions
are undefined; they can be filled with any special characters
that might be needed in a particular job. The character in position
\¬100, which is used to negate a relation, has zero width.

\moveright26pt\vbox{
\def\\{\char'}
\hbox{\hbox to 25pt{\hfill0\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill1\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill2\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill3\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill4\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill5\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill6\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill7\hfill}}
\vskip 4pt
\hrule
\def\|{\vrule height 10.5pt depth 4.5pt}
\halign{\hbox to 0pt{\hskip -24pt\¬#0\hfill}⊗\|
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}⊗\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill\:u#\hfill\|}\cr
00⊗\\000⊗\\001⊗\\002⊗\\003⊗\\004⊗\\005⊗\\006⊗\\007\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
01⊗\\010⊗\\011⊗\\012⊗\\013⊗\\014⊗\\015⊗\\016⊗\\017\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
02⊗\\020⊗\\021⊗\\022⊗\\023⊗\\024⊗\\025⊗\\026⊗\\027\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
03⊗\\030⊗\\031⊗\\032⊗\\033⊗\\034⊗\\035⊗\\036⊗\\037\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
04⊗\\040⊗\\041⊗\\042⊗\\043⊗\\044⊗\\045⊗\\046⊗\\047\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
05⊗\\050⊗\\051⊗\\052⊗\\053⊗\\054⊗\\055⊗\\056⊗\\057\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
06⊗\\060⊗\\061⊗\\062⊗\\063⊗\\064⊗\\065⊗\\066⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
07⊗\\070⊗\\071⊗\\072⊗\\073⊗\\074⊗\\075⊗\\076⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
10⊗\\100⊗\\101⊗\\102⊗\\103⊗\\104⊗\\105⊗\\106⊗\\107\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
11⊗\\110⊗\\111⊗\\112⊗\\113⊗\\114⊗\\115⊗\\116⊗\\117\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
12⊗\\120⊗\\121⊗\\122⊗\\123⊗\\124⊗\\125⊗\\126⊗\\127\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
13⊗\\130⊗\\131⊗\\132⊗\\133⊗\\134⊗\\135⊗\\136⊗\\137\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
14⊗\\140⊗\\141⊗\\142⊗\\143⊗\\144⊗\\145⊗\\146⊗\\147\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
15⊗\\150⊗\\151⊗\\152⊗\\153⊗\\154⊗\\155⊗     ⊗     \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
16⊗\\160⊗\\161⊗\\162⊗\\163⊗\\164⊗\\165⊗\\166⊗      cr
\noalign{\hrule}
17⊗\\170⊗\\171⊗\\172⊗\\173⊗\\174⊗\\175⊗\\176⊗\\177\cr}
\hrule}
\eject

\par\vfill\end

\noindent{\bf 7. \TEX\ standard math extension fonts.}\xskip The table of
128 codes on the next page
shows the form \TEX\ expects the extension ({\tt ex}) font to
have in math mode, if you use variable delimiters or the control
sequences for large operators listed later in this appendix.

\vfill
{\def\bracex{\leaders\hrule height 1.5pt \hfill}
\def\dnbrace{$\char'772$\bracex$\char'775
              \char'774$\bracex$\char'773$}
\def\upbrace{$\char'774$\bracex$\char'773
              \char'772$\bracex$\char'775$}
\hbox to size{\hfill\hbox to 250pt{\dnbrace}\hfill}
\vskip6pt
\hbox to size{\hfill$\left\{\hskip6pt\vcenter{
\hbox par 250pt{Actually
\TEX\ addresses most of these characters indirectly; for example, all
left parentheses are addressed starting with character \¬000, based on
information stored in the font itself, and the font also tells \TEX\
that arbitrarily large left parentheses can be made from characters
\¬060 (top), \¬102 (middle), \¬100 (bottom). The only codes explicitly
referred to by \TEX\ are \¬000 to \¬016, \¬110, \¬112, \¬114, \¬116,
\¬120 to \¬127, and \¬160. Thus, a font designer can move most of the
other symbols if desired, subject only to the restriction that the code number
of a large symbol be greater than the code numbers
of its smaller variants.\xskip (If
codes are changed, however, it may be necessary to change the definitions of
control sequences like {\≡\bigglp≡\} in Appendix B.)\xskip It is expected that positions
marked ``{\:fundefined}'' in this chart will be filled with characters specially
tailored to specific jobs; for example, character \¬177 is used for the
``dangerous bend'' symbol in this manual, but it might not be present in
all \TEX\ extension fonts.}}\hskip6pt\right\}$\hfill}
\vskip6pt
\hbox to size{\hfill\hbox to 250pt{\upbrace}\hfill}}
\vfill
\eject

\vfill
\moveright26pt\vbox{
\def\\{\char'}
\hbox{\hbox to 25pt{\hfill0\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill1\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill2\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill3\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill4\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill5\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill6\hfill}\!
\hbox to 25pt{\hfill7\hfill}}
\vskip 4pt
\hrule
\def\0{\vrule height 7.5pt depth 2.5pt}
\def\1{\vrule height 10pt depth 5pt}
\def\2{\vrule height 14.5pt depth 9.5pt}
\def\3{\vrule height 17.5pt depth 12.5pt}
\def\4{\vrule height 20.5pt depth 15.5pt}
\halign{\hbox to 0pt{\hskip -24pt$\vcenter{\hbox{\¬#0}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗\!
#⊗\hbox to 39.6pt{\hfill$\vcenter{\hbox{\:@#}}$\hfill}⊗#\cr
00⊗\1⊗\\000⊗\1⊗\\001⊗\1⊗\\002⊗\1⊗\\003⊗\1⊗\\004⊗\1⊗\\005⊗\1⊗\\006⊗\1⊗\\007⊗\1\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
01⊗\1⊗\\010⊗\1⊗\\011⊗\1⊗\\012⊗\1⊗\\013⊗\1⊗\\014⊗\1⊗\\015⊗\1⊗\\016⊗\1⊗     ⊗\1\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
02⊗\3⊗\\020⊗\3⊗\\021⊗\3⊗\\022⊗\3⊗\\023⊗\3⊗\\024⊗\3⊗\\025⊗\3⊗\\026⊗\3⊗\\027⊗\3\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
03⊗\3⊗\\030⊗\3⊗\\031⊗\3⊗\\032⊗\3⊗\\033⊗\3⊗\\034⊗\3⊗\\035⊗\3⊗\\036⊗\3⊗      \3\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
04⊗\4⊗\\040⊗\4⊗\\041⊗\4⊗\\042⊗\4⊗\\043⊗\4⊗\\044⊗\4⊗\\045⊗\4⊗\\046⊗\4⊗\\047⊗\4\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
05⊗\4⊗\\050⊗\4⊗\\051⊗\4⊗\\052⊗\4⊗\\053⊗\4⊗\\054⊗\4⊗     ⊗\4⊗     ⊗\4⊗     ⊗\4\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
06⊗\2⊗\\060⊗\2⊗\\061⊗\2⊗\\062⊗\2⊗\\063⊗\2⊗\\064⊗\2⊗\\065⊗\2⊗\\066⊗\2⊗\\067⊗\2\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
07⊗\2⊗\\070⊗\2⊗\\071⊗\2⊗\\072⊗\2⊗\\073⊗\2⊗\\074⊗\2⊗\\075⊗\2⊗\\076⊗\2⊗\!
\:fundefined⊗\2\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
10⊗\2⊗\\100⊗\2⊗\\101⊗\2⊗\\102⊗\2⊗\\103⊗\2ε\:fundefined⊗\2⊗\:fundefined⊗\2⊗\\106\!
⊗\2⊗\\107⊗\2\cr
Tnoalign{\hrule}
11⊗\3⊗\\110⊗\3⊗\\111⊗\3⊗\\112⊗\3⊗\\113⊗\3⊗\\110⊗\3⊗\\115⊗\3⊗\\116⊗\3⊗\\117⊗\3\cr
Tnoalign{\hrule}
12⊗\1⊗\\120⊗\1⊗\\121⊗\1ε\\122⊗\1⊗\\123⊗\1⊗\\124⊗\1⊗\\125⊗\1⊗\\126⊗\1⊗\\127⊗\1\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
13⊗\3⊗\\130⊗\3⊗\\131⊗\3⊗\\132⊗\3⊗\\133⊗\3⊗\\134⊗\3⊗\\135⊗\3⊗\\136⊗\3⊗\\137⊗\3\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
14⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:f
undefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
15⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:f
undefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0⊗\:fundefined⊗\0\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
16⊗\4⊗\\160⊗\4⊗\\161⊗\4⊗\\162⊗\4⊗\\163⊗\4⊗\\164⊗\4⊗\\165⊗\4⊗\\166⊗\4⊗\:f
undefined⊗\4\cr
\noalign{\hrule}
17⊗\1⊗\\170⊗\1⊗\\171⊗\1⊗\\172⊗\1⊗\\173⊗\1⊗\\174⊗\1⊗\\175⊗\1⊗\:fundefined⊗\1⊗\:f
undefined⊗\1\cr}
\hrule}
\vfill

\sectionbegin{What \TEX\ Does}

\par\vfill\end

You will need to know a few does and don'ts about book-quality texts and
some of the special ways that \TEX\ handles these matters.\lbrk
UPPER and lower cases. \ \TEX\ draws a distnction between upper and lower
case in all cases.  For example,
if the name of a desired control sequence is \\otimes, one
must not type \\Otimes.\lbrk
Extra spaces. \ Since \TEX\ adjusts the spacing between words to achieve the
desired line justification (except when told not to by the control sequence
\\nofill or by the use of a control-sequence specified typewriter-like font)
it automaticaly eats all extra spaces that you may type between words and in
this connection a carriage return is quivalent to a space.  The exception to
this rule is when there are two carriage returns together, resulting in an
empty line which is an indication that you want to start a new paragraph.
But in this case extra empty spaces are similarly eaten!\lbrk


\par\vfill\end

l Sequences and Macros}
\subsectionbegin{Control Sequences and Macros}

The terms {\sl control sequence} and {\sl macro} are frequently used
interchangably to refer to the constructs or commands that are used to
control \TEX.  In this manual we wilh try to draw a distinction between
those constructs thatare more op less primitive that we will call {\sl
λcontrkl sequences}, andconstpqcts, called [\sl Macros}, that are deRived
from the@MJAwg≠1β∂|¬g'⊗⎇Dπ≡<90∩[1ryoλ∀7y⊂→αrom↓←iQKHAw9g0A[CGI←g`9JaβGO.3 'α(⊂⊃≡FE6rXw9P'Yα the contph∂XAMKckK9GJAec∪↔→ph!↓αe"⊗bq∧εVv&↑.7&∞βY≤d
⎇Y0→λ→X⊂⊂_ww:9≠vεE)Yxzr`.ces aq a @ACehAα{⊂∩ε≡N2π∨L≥f&∂,@ε↔.≥JBnNd∞f}≡≤.Vf∂/∀αF@~<u\λ~3D↓ P<∞;Y~/∧⊂j+AQHλ∪,≥↑(≠l@⊂:42\pFE![w:97[⊂9rh]ps1b\P:0uYP0p∪ arge@5K]if↓←]JA=`	β7⎇∪∃βC∂∪π7↔&+CMβ&CπQβ∂∪∃βSOβ↔⊂4TK77↔&KπS↔dπ∩ε6⎇MF␈>≥lrπ&Tε≡}nN&}b∞<W∂.]l6*εl≥V*r∧
FF*≡&/.\Yg'~ of contrast, usually given in braces following the macro name.
There exist a number of special collections of macros that \TEX\ experts
have found useful for special purposes such, for example, as writing
business letters, preparing internal memoranda, and preparing manuscripts
for publication.
  The beginner is well advised to leave this matter of
designing macros to the experts.  Your only problem will be to learn how
to use someone else's macros.  But don't dispair, most of the ones that
you will be apt to need are more or less self-defined although some of the
abbreviations may be a bit tricky to learn.

\subsectionbegin{The Special Characters}

While the detailed use of these special characters
The use of the backslash
not a part of the sequences).  The dollar signs are needed and they
signify that the characters in question are kept with the math fonts.

\par\vfill\end

\subsectionbegin{The Escape Character (\\)}

By default, the backslash character (\\) is reserved as the {\sl escape
character} to tell \TEX\ that the symbol or string of alphabetic
characters that follows is not
a part of the text but that it is a \TEX\ instruction of some sort.  If
one wants a backslash to appear as a character in the final document (as
just used in this sentence) then one must type it twice, thus (\\\\).
Question: how did the writer get the backslash to appear twice in this
document? 

\subsubsectionbegin{The Math-Mode Symbol (\$) }

The dollar sign (\$) is used by \TEX\ to act as a special
bracket-like symbol to enclose portions of the text that are to be typed
subject to certain mathematical conventions.  You have seen this used above
in the explanation of how several of the reserved characters including the left and right braces were typed when needed
as a part of thee text. Another example worth noting is that  the hyphen, when typed
alone is shown simply as a hyphen but if it is enclosed by dollar signs
thus, (\$-\$) it then appears as a minus sign thus ($-$).
¬
Two variations of the Math-Mode are used, the simple Math-Mode, used when
mathematical symbols (or equations) are to appear In runningtext, and the
Display Math-Mode, used when the mathematical expression is to appear on a
separate line.  In this latter case the expression must both begin and end
with two dollar signs

\cubsubsectionbegin{The GroupingSymbols  ($\s$) and($\}$)}¬

The left brace ($\{$) and the right brace ($\}$) are used by \TEX\ to
delimitthe action or define the rafge of edfecTiveneqs of {\sl control
s`cK∃]GKgxAC]H↓←LAe∃YCiK⊂A9)a8A←a∃eCi←If\@Aq)18↓CYoCefAKqAKGif↓iQKe∀Ai↑~)EJA[¬iGQS9NAaC%afA←_AEeC
KfHA]QSGP↓GC\A	JXAC9HA←MQK\ACIJXA]∃giKH↓i↑AM=kd~∃=dAMSYJAYKYKYfX↓C]HA%hAGC8AOKh↓ECIYdAG←]→kgKH↓C]HA%ggkJ↓S]G←5aeKQ∃]gSE1J~∃KIe←dA5KggC≥KfAo!K\AEICGKf↓CeJA9←hA[¬iGQK⊂XAg↑↓EKoCIJ\~∀4∃9gk	gkEgUEgKGQS←]E∃OS]wQQJA9H[←L5→S]J↓'s[E=Yf@@!8JS|4∀~∃)!JAaKIGK]h↓cSO\Q8JS%fAeK≥kYCe1rAIK→S]KH↓i↑AE∀ACZA∃]HA←_AYS]∀Ags[	←X\~))QSf↓gS[a1rA[K¬]fAi!ChAKYKesi!S]NAQQChA→←YY←]fASh↓iVAi!JACGQkCXA∃]HA←_AiQJ↓isaK⊂~∃YS9JASf↓SO]←IKHXAQQkfA¬YY←o%]NAKaaYC]¬i←er↓G←[[∃]ifAQ↑ACaAKCdA%\AiQ∀Ag←kIGJ~∃QKqhA]SiQ←UhAEK%]NAi¬WK\AQ↑AEJ↓aCeh↓←LAi!JA←kQakhAQKqh\4∀~∃9MkEgk	gkEg∃GiS←9EKOS9w)QJ↓βYSO9[K]h↓)CD@ I9←i%[KfH%|~∀~))QJA¬YSO]5K]hAQCD@P⊃9←iS5KfHR↓SfAkMKHAi<AgQ←\AiQJ↓IKgSIKHAC1SO][∃]hA←_AiCEUYCd~)[CiKISCXX↓CfAo%YXAE∀AKqa1CS]K⊂AYCi∃dAS\↓iQJA⊃SgGkMgS←\↓←L~∃QQJAG=]ie←0AgKcUK]GKLA99Q¬YSO\↓C]HAq9mCY%O\@QD]l\R8~∀~∃qgkEgUEgkEMKGiS=]EKO%]w)Q∀A≥k[	KdA'%O\@P⊃8FJSx~∀~∃QQJA]U[EKd↓gSO\PI8F⊂RASf↓kgKH↓S\Ai]↑Aga∃GSCX↓oCsf0AiQJ↓MSegPAEKS9NAS\4∃[CGI↑AIK→S]Si%←]fX↓oQKe∀AShA%fAi↑↓EJAM=YY←o∃HAIS≥ShAC9HAS\↓CYSO9[K]h4∃aeK¬[EYKLXACf↓oSYX↓EJAKaaYCS9KHAY¬iKd\4∀~∃9MkEgk	gkEg∃GiS←9EKOS9w'ka∃agGe%ahAC9HA'k	gGeSAhA's5E←YfPI9k@HRXA¬]H@P⊃9I←o8HS|~(~∃)Q∀Ak`[¬ee←n↓C]HAQQJAI=o\[CIe←nA¬eJAkMKHAEdA9)a8Ai↑↓S]IS
CiJAMkaKeMGeSaQfAC]⊂~∃gk	gGeSAif\AMKJAi!JAgK
iS←\↓←\A)eaS]Nαα7πSBα≠?Ko+3πMε3?Iβ&+Sπ'g→84(hQ⊗sC∂∩s[≠Nc2c↔v 4(2S#O→β7πw+π1∨~βWO∃ε{⊃β≠}sSL4Ph*¬β>{K⊃β∞∪?WQ¬##∃β4{;SMπ+O↔⊃εK9βSFKMβ7∞sWπ1ph*¬β'KC↔←⊗KS↔Inc'/∃π≠Sg∪*β?→β'KC∃β>K3!β⊗)βWO,!βS=εK;∪'≡S∃β&C∃βπ∨#Wπ1¬#↔cQε;⊂4UbR⊗bbβ∂?7n;∪Mπ##πQ¬K?UβnK∨#Qπ#gC∃ε{9βg␈+IβS/∪7';∞a9↓α&C∃αr$*bqβ␈+SCW h+←'fa1β?2β∂?W↔≠∃1β⊗)βO#␈;9βπ~β'Qβ>{W3⊃∧∧↔πε\≡"bε≥NFF␈\⎇αbε⎇dε}≡<≡7≡N⎇eBπ>QQ&n∂∀
ε∂6T∞Fzπ↑<Rε
M⊗66↑,Vw"mvw"n&}j∞Mε∂"∞↑6."mw∩πMRεn≥nV∞b∞LWG"
≡G≡.Ldπ&xQ,↔6}≤Dπ&F≡4ε7/.Mε/∩∞=w/⊗<Tε}2=vv7↑=⊗}raQ hUN↔∃f]l@hPQ)ε/⊗T↔⊗*∞Mε*πO≡ε/?-≡F/∩∞?⊗n⊗⎇N2π&≡Bπ>≥MBε⊗T∞W≡.G!PR"KN6∂6V≠FF⊗␈∂5asε⊗#≠#VfsCJ$4B*4¬%2kjEg#[z∪kGph+N6∂6V+FF⊗␈∂5ar¬↔CqqCcU]o?cf↓rs≠ap
{OBy1n>ε␈≡UwQpqkO`hUL↑⊗∞f≤⎇gY5M&␈G;NG"∧_(4$,hy∧LT9ITt⎇
~%≥%ZjuEM/kF∨⊂Q"efF-␈π]gNDε∞⊗<LV6>
≥&↑f]mwπ∂.>G/7␈∂↔WuL> hQkL&␈C≠L7⊂h"kF⊗␈ε+F∨↔dD@hU=
w.fD∞6}nT
v2πMW≡*∞?⊗n⊗⎇N2εv}Dε⊗*≡f∞NL≤&f*
⎇bπN}↑"π&↑-VNv≥EBπ&↑&*ε≡,PhW|∨↔~πMtπ≡N↑]F∂&T∞FF.UDε∂~∞⎇⊗fb,Rε/∞
F∞Nl\Bεf≡LW∩r∧
FF/,TεO~
⎇f(h,≤F&OM≥vv∞D∞7Nn-⎇Bπ&≡Bπ>≥MBε⊗T∞W≡.D
⊗rπM
↔~ε\≥g.∞D∞Fzπ>L⊗v"mw∩ε∀∂5g≡AQ&⊗f≥m2π∨≤6/r∞⎇ε.r
≡BεO4
⊗oε}.F∞wD∞FzεM≡7&Nl}VO≡∧&/'|\Vrε∀&f∞m4π∨ε≤<PhWM↔"π≥}Rεo↑>Bε∞>NV∞fO∀π'OTε∞vD∞7ε∞<↑2π&≡Bεv}-V∞fO∀ε∂π\↔∩ε≥dπ&FT∞F/GAQ&&/<>&N⊗≥lrπ>≡BπN}Tε&zd∧¬&F≡4π∨N\-vbε≡7 hRDKFF⊗␈∂5g'KL6F∂$vCπrDAPPh/;G≡bλ=vw'-⎇Bπ≡↑≡V.v<↑7ph!Q%>F]dε
π;N6bε=⎇g'⊗⎇Dπ≡/≡\Vv≡←dεO~∞O↔ε.EDπ&FTW≡≡≡Rε≡≡&∞∨L↑"εo↑>Bh-↑W∨",Rε6⎇MF␈>\DεNn\\FN∂L]GJε/∀ε.OMW∩β∃∀ε
π>N&NvqQ&}2
LW'&↑.2ε6⎇MF␈>\Dε↔J∀π∨ε≤<Rbπ⎇W⊗*∞Mε*π>N&Nvt
v2εL↑G&/.4εF∂lTε⊗.]aPV&\m⊗v.DVO&↑"ε↔∀F.6≡]G"ε}$ε↔J∞Mε*π↑<W∩πMtπ∨ε\=⊗7J≥bεNn>G↔.>M⊗}r
xbπ≡⎇\PhW=}'"b
}"β∩∀∩π≡≥lvf*
mvrn≥NεF∞,↑FN~=ε∂⊗≤>F/∩∞Mε∂"
\↔Jε,Tε6}MMw>.D'Jε⊃Q'∨ε≤<Rε∞lDπ&F≡@εF∂4⊗>∞≥dε⊗.]dε&.m≥f."∞MrεF≡hRπ≡⎇\Rπ∨\6N∞D	V.∞m→f:r∧	⊗ph,]↔&F↑$ε≡∂<UB¬eH[¬bε≡ZF}n≡M⊗≡∞MO∩ε.≡N2π/∧⊗wJ¬⊗v"≥FbJ∞>ε∞≡↑4π&F≡Dεn∂⊃Q&6↑MMw:π>\6Bε≥n7'↔\>FN}n5bα¬MRπ/<Tε}2∞Mε*ε,≤6←≡L≡6Bεm⎇Ff␈|\BεN]\V&N≡LVgHQ,'Jε∀∞7ε∞<TεO~∀π∨ε\=⊗∞b=vw'-⎇Bπ≡↑≡V.v<TεNrself and it instructs \TEX\ to
introduce a space into the final document at this point.

We can illustrate the way {\sl control sequences} are typed by explaining
how the \TEX\ logo itself is typed.  Following a convention established by
Don Knuth, the backslash followed by the letterq {\tt TEX} follkwed by a
space (which we can make clear in this manual by writing \\ {tt TEX
\char'40} has been defined earlier to be a {\sl control sequence} and to
maan that the letterq are to be crowdedtogether with the {\tt E} dropped
slightlq.  So when this logo is to appear follkwed by a space, the writer
must type \XTEX\\char'40 . Remember yoe do not try to type {char'40} but
you do type a space in its stead.  If, on the other hand, this special
arrangement of letters iq to appear, say, at the end of a Sentence where
it is to be foLlowed immediately by a pepiod, the writer leaves out the
extra backslash space and simpl@dAisa∃fA99Q0\@↓oQKe∀AiQJ↓aKeS=HA[CdAEJ~)isaK⊂AKSi!KdAo%iPA←HAoSi!←khA¬\AS]QKemK9S]NAMaCGJ8@A)Q∀A←[SMgS←\↓←LAi!J~∃gACGJA]←eWf↓S\Ai!SfAG¬gJAE∃GCkg∀XAEr↓IKMS9SiS←8XA]←8[CYa!CEKi%FAGQ¬eCGi∃ef~∃¬eJA]=hACY1←oKH↓S\A[UYiR[
QCeC
iKdAm9gXA
←]ie=XAgKEkK]G∃g|\@↓∨]JA5kghA9←h~∃QsaJA∧AM←Y1←oS]≤ACYa!CEKi%FAGQ¬eCGi∃dAoSQQ←kh↓iQJA%]iKeYK]S]≤AgaC
J~∃E∃GCkg∀AiQJ↓G←[a%YKdA]←kYH↓Cggk5JAiQ¬hAiQ%fAoCLABAa¬ehA←_AiQJ↓GQCe¬GiKd4∃gie%]NAC9HAo←UYHAiIrAi↑↓MS]H↓BAw9MXAG←9ie←X↓gKck∃]GK|↓iQCh↓S]GYUIKHAQQSf~)CAISQS←]C0AYKiQKd\@↓)QSf↓[CrA	JACY0ABAE%hAG←9MkgS9NXAg<ASLA%hASf0AYKCYJASh4∃CMH↓G←[J↓ECGV↓C]HAIKeKC⊂AiQSLAaCe¬OeCa AoQK8As←j↓CeJAQasS]≤Ai↑A⊃↑~∃g=[CiQ%]NAg%[S@3∂⊃84(hRS#∃ε≠?;[,sS'?rβC↔∨∂∪∪';8β↔cS⊗	βOC∞≠↔MβO→1β?2β∂?W↔≠∃1β⊗+3πS.!βS<hSS#∃ε3π∂Qπ##πQ¬bR⊗bbβ'Mβ/≠Wπ3gIβ∨'6+9βSF)βSπ≡Yβ?→π∪↔≠?⊗kπSSNs≥βSF)βS↔G!βπ; h+?→ε∪+W∨#';≥π##∃β∨βπ∂∃ε∪↔S←.+9β←␈∪∪Mβ≡yβπMπ#=β+/≠S'≠JβS#∃π∪'∨#"β7πK>K;L4RCπ9β-C∂↔C&K?9β&yβS#O→β?∂∨+KMβ>C↔9βλ∧π∂ε\9⊗∞b∞O↔ε/}-↔&/%]FN↑Tf}wD
↔~π↑<V"HQ*FF*∞}&O&↑$εO~
mw⊗n≥MGJεn,V."
xbε∞MDπ⊗/>N&N∨M≥vw~≡2π&t∞FF*
H	-l⎇~≤d
yC"NM→(≠
≥Y<h∞M_=
(≥≡.<h_-lλ~→$x;H
≥]≤[lN8y(←≥≤X$∞|_8l↑h_;LD→>≥∞,#"Xl≡\Z8,|(≤Y.N<[\d<h~T≤y9.4→Z=¬Dλ∪[nL+λ~
}y=Y.%λ≥~≡λ_;D;<≥∂∀≠~;LT~<c!-[|[,≥≠≡(∞↑y9λ∞Mh≤z,⎇Z9↑$(≤_.,9|X.
λ_\L\:h≤mt→≠h
m⎇λ≤∞↑λ≥~](~3AQ]z→.,(≠[nD≠Y9,L9C!!"W≤≡W→;LA"@↓K_8≤∞<8⎇~-⎇XY9m≥↑p<∞;Y~/∧⊃←C!↓ W_nN[~;L←w_Z,|β7:⊂⊂βharacters Producedby COntroL Sequences}
\ctrline{\bigbnt whenin math mode}
Some of these characters are available directly fRom soma terminals.  All
of them c@¬\AEJ↓←EiC%]KHAYSBAi!JA99
QCdAI←kiJQJ]N8@A/Q∃\Akg%]NAB↓91eZ4∃M←]PXA8Aq9GQCI9GQCHNbl@@``A8↓ae←IUGKfAQQJAkAaKd[
CgJA≥C[[BA8A9
QCdN@``@R8~∃≥←QJAiQ¬hA99≥C[[B↓SfA]=hAiQ∀AgC[∀ACfAq9∂C[5B\~∀4∃9]←%]IK]Qw→←o∃dAπCMJA∂e∃KVA→∃iiKeM|~∀H⊂~∃9m
K]iKIw9QC1SO]wqQMSY0HFI9!MSYYqckCHXG9QM%YY9GH~∃9C1aQB-q9CIa!C9Gd4∃9EKQB-99	KiC9
d~∃9≥C[[BY99OC5[C9GH~∃9I∃YaB-q9IKYQC9Gd4∃9KaMSY←\Y99KaMSY←]qGd~∃y⎇9ccUCI9cEkCH~)9mGK9iKewqQCYS≥]w9Q→SYXHI9QM%YY9cUCH,GqQMSY19Gd~)9uKi∧-99u∃iC9GH~∃9KQB-99∃iC9GH~∃9i!KiB-q9iQKQC9Gd4∃9S←QB-99%←iC9
d~∃9-CaaBY99WCAaC9GH~∃⎇⎇qcckC⊃9cck¬H~∃9YGK]i∃ew9Q¬YSO]m9QMS1XHFIqQMSY19ckC⊂,G9Q→SYY9
d~∃91C[EI∧-99Y¬[EICqGd~∃q[j-9q[k9GH~∃9]T-99]U9Gd~)9qR-q9qS9
d~∃9AR-99AS9Gd4∃9eQ<-99e!←9Gd4∃⎇⎇9EckCIqcckC⊂~∃9m
K]iKIw9QC1SO]wqQMSY0HFI9!MSYYqckCHXG9QM%YY9GH~∃9g%O[B-q9gSO5C9Gd4∃9iCT-99i¬k9Gd4∃9kaMSY←\Y99kaMSY←]qGd~∃qaQR-q9aQSqGd~∃qGQR-q9GQSqGd~∃y⎇9ccUCI9cEkCH~)9mGK9iKewqQCYS≥]w9Q→SYXHI9QM%YY9cUCH,GqQMSY19Gd~)9agRY99ag%9Gd~)9←[K≥B-99=[KOCqGd~∃qmCea!R-99YCeaQ%9Gd~)9mCeAR-99YCeaSqGd~∃qmCei!KiB-q9mCeQQKiCqGe⎇|⊂H~∀~)9]←S9IK]im+aaKHAπCg∀A∂eK∃VA→KQiKegx~∀HH4∃9mG∃]iKem9QCY%O]w9!MSYX⊂FI9Q→SYY9EkCH,
9QMS1Y9Gd4∃9∂C5[B-9q∂C[[¬9Gd~)9	KYQB-99⊃KYiCqGd~∃q)QKi∧-99)!KiC9
d~∃91C[EI∧-99→¬[EICqGd~∃y⎇9ccUCI9cUCH~∃qmGK]QKew9!CYSO9w9QM%YXHF⊃9QMS1Y9ck¬H,G9!MSYYqGd~∃q1R-9q1S9GH~∃9!$-99!%9Gd~)9'SO5B-99MSO[CqGd~∃q+agS1←\-9q+agS1←]9GH~∃9!!R-99AQS9GH~∃⎇⎇qcckC⊃9ckC⊂~∃9m
K]iKIw9QC1SO]wqQMSY0HFI9!MSYYqckCHXG9QM%YY9GH~∃9!MR-99AgS9GH~∃9∨5KOB
q9∨[K≥C9Gd4∃9∂C5[CShY99∂C5[CSIqGd~∃q	KYi¬Sh-9q	KYi¬Si9GH~∃⎇⎇qcckC⊃9ckC⊂~∃)m
K]iKIw9QC1SO]wqQMSY0HFI9!MSYYqckCHXG9QM%YY9GH~∃))!KiCSP-99)!KiCSQ9Gd~)9→C[	ICSHY99	C5EICSQ9Gd~)91SSP-991%Si9GH~∃)!%Sh-9q!SSiqGd~∃q'SO[¬Sh-9q'SO[¬Si9GH~∃⎇⎇qcckC⊃9ckC⊂~∃9m
K]iKIw9QC1SO]wqQMSY0HFI9!MSYYqckCHXG9QM%YY9GH~∃9+AgSY←9Sh-9q+agS1←]SiqGd~∃q!QSSP-99!!SSi9
d~∃9AgSShY99!g%Si9GH~∃)∨5KOCSP-99∨5KOCSQ9Ge⎇xHH~∀4∃9]←%]IK]Qw'Ge%ahAY∃iaKeM|~∀H⊂~∃9m
K]iKIw9QC1SO]wqQMSY0HFI9!MSYYqckCHXG9QM%YY9GH~∃)βMGd-→qβgGeqGd~∃q¬gGdY99¬g
e9Gd4∃9πg
d-99
gGe9
`~∃9⊃gGd-q9	gGI9Gd~)9βgGH-99MGe9GH~∃⎇⎇qcckC⊃9cck¬H~∃9YGK]i∃ew9Q¬YSO]m9QMS1XHFIqQMSY19ckC⊂,G9Q→SYY9
d~∃9→gGd-q9
gGI9Gd~)9∂gGH-99∂MGe9GH~∃9⊃MGd-→q⊃gGeqGd~∃q∪gGdY99∪g
e9Gd4∃9∃g
d-99)gGe9
d~∃9-gGd-q9↔gGI9Gd~)⎇⎇9cEkCI9EckCH4∃9mG∃]iKem9QCY%K]w9!MSYX⊂FI9Q→SYY9EkCH,
9QMS1Y9Gd4∃9→g
d-991gGe9
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}~;9.2W↔≠nM;90→W1yεE↔5r4{¬..7r~{.1yβE*7r≠z..≠r7z._yεE?∨.8xzXr.8x]prεE↔8εceNterk\halign{\hfill$#$Xhfill\qua`⊗#\hfill\cr
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\ast⊗\\ast\cr¬
\circ⊗\\ciRc\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
Tvcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfIlh\cr
Tbullet⊗\\bullet\cp
\interc⊗\\interc\cr¬
\lub⊗\\hub\cr
\glbε\\glb\cr}}$$
α
\jgindent {Banary relatiOns}
$$
\vcenter{\halign{\hfilh$#$\hfi@1Y1ck¬H,GfC≠'3ec∂H∀UcW@ZecWBs∨⊂4*@LMw>qiKF&␈⎇kF∨⊂β"WrW↔	t↔_tAQTε∧K↔,∧$→$d
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\↔⊗\\spose{$→$}{$←$}\cr
\lsh⊗\\lsh\cr
\rsh⊗\\rsh\cr
\perp⊗\\perp\cr
\p
ICMP-99YICgQqGd~∃qICgQX-99I¬gQm9
d~∃⎇y9cck¬I9ccUCH~∃qmGK]QKew9!CYSO9w9QM%YPHF⊃9QMS1Y1ck¬H,G→!MSYYqGd~∃q[CagQ↑-995Cagi=9Gd~)9eKYX-99e∃Ye9GH~∃)e∃Y`≠X5bsK↔e3Zs∂⊂h*sO.∪OπPαkEg∨\.6/%L> hUβ_u.∞y=¬KK≤⎇<∞<=↔_n↓"←←KN<=0⊂Y,8xzXrεE.≥1rw:→y=n4_v4sw≡n43$[4∧$#$\hfi@1Y0∪G,⊂I∞βIε&NMKF∨⊂Q+Fv←@kEfVβy↔>@εE.~w&.~w*1iβE(notin⊗\\j`∨i%]1Gd4⊃1ae∃F-99AeKG→
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gβK↔∂-λZrs¬∪↔∂↔
c∂HQ+G∨.<2eeG>\6≥f>!PWwkN↔∂.≤KG∂∂\≤@hUβ→Pl]]→4O;~_;
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XdoTeq⊗@9qIWiKE9Ge⎇xH@~∃9←iJt↓)QJApA99]=hA8AMs[E←0AQCf↓uKe↑↓oSIi @Qi↑↓←mKe]aSiJ↓BAM←αc3 ?⎇≥f*ε=↔ε∞>LWαJaQ hPβ"W
mz;Y]]~pN8zy.N⎇C"DDαεE.≥1rw:→y=n4_v4sw≡n43$[4∧$#$\hfi@1Y0∪G,⊂I∞βMε6NMKF∨⊂Q+Ff6Myw"W↔≠Mα7wi↔1yεE↔4∧ce@%X%)91GKSYqGd~∃qv-98⊃9vI9
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}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
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}}\qquad\qquad
Tvcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfilh\cr
Tdright⊗\\dright\cr
\rightv⊗\\rightv\cr
\rightvv⊗\\rightvv\cr}}$$

\noindent{Large Operators (text and display styles)}
$$
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗\hfill$\dispstyle#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\sum⊗\sum⊗\\sum\cr
\osum⊗\osum⊗\\osum\cr
\int⊗\int⊗\\int\cr
\oint⊗\oint⊗\\oint\cr
}}\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗\hfill$\dispstyle#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\inter⊗\inter⊗\\inter\cr
\union⊗\union⊗\\union\cr
\squnion⊗\squnion⊗\\squnion\cr
\meet⊗\meet⊗\\meet\cr
\join⊗\join⊗\\join\cr
}}\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗\hfill$\dispstyle#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\prod⊗\prod⊗\\prod\cr
\oprod⊗\oprod⊗\\oprod\cr
\odotprod⊗\odotprod⊗\\odotprod\cr
\munion⊗\munion⊗\\munion\cr}}$$

\noindent{Miscellaneous Math Symbols}
$$
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\iit⊗\\iit\cr
\jit⊗\\jit\cr
\real⊗\\real\cr
\imag⊗\\imag\cr
}}\quad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\aleph⊗\\aleph\cr
\wp⊗\\wp\cr
\infty⊗\\infty\cr
}}\quad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\emptyset⊗\\emptyset\cr
\#⊗\\$\#$\cr
\|⊗\\|\cr
\angle⊗\\angle\cr
}}\quad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\prime⊗\\prime\cr
\partial⊗\\partial\cr
\nabla⊗\\nabla\cr
}}\quad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\smallint⊗\\smallint\cr
\surd⊗\\surd\cr
\top⊗\\top\cr
\bot⊗\\bot\cr}}$$

\noindent{Miscellaneous Non-Math Symbols Allowed Only in Math Mode)}
$$
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\section⊗\\section\cr
\dag⊗\\dag\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\ddag⊗\\ddag\cr
\P⊗\\P\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\@⊗\\@\cr
\copyright⊗\\copyright\cr
}}\qquad\qquad
\vcenter{\halign{\hfill$#$\hfill\quad⊗#\hfill\cr
\sterling⊗\\sterling\cr
\$⊗\\\$\cr}}$$

\par\vfill\eject
\def\¬{\char'16 }

\sethsize{3in}

{\bf \ \TEX\ standard roman fonts.}\lbrk
These codes are used for \\rm,\ \\sl, \ and \ \\bf  fonts.
Codes \¬000 through \¬041  are accessed by control sequences as
defined later in this appendix. Codes \¬043 and \¬044 are undefined.
Codes \¬042, \¬134, \¬136, \¬137, and \¬173 through \¬177 are
accessed indirectly via ligature information stored within
the font itself.

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